Sanskrit Welsh Yazdi Spanish Irish Scottish Latin German English ----------------eka yek ya yes haon aon una eins one -----------------------------------------------------------------------
dva due du dues do dha duo twei two
tri trin sev trin tri tri tria thrijiz three
catur shtor chunr sistar ceathair ceithir Uuattuar --- four
panca pansh panj parchen cuig coig quique funf five
sas shov shash jol se sia sex sechs six
sapta estor ------ ---- seacht seachd septem sieben seven
ashata oster ----- ---- hocht ochd octo acht eight
nava neber ----- ---- naoi ------ novem neun nine
The Indo-European language group also includes several extinct languages. The Hittite language, deciphered through archaeology as the spoken language of Anatolia (Turkey) from about 2000-1000 BCE. The Tocharian's, a group of languages spoken in China until 800AD. The Tocharian language was saved in Buddhist monasteries and caravan cities of the Tarim Basin. The Tarim Basin is located in west China above the Himalayan Mountains that are above the Indus Valley. The relationship between China's early signs and the Indus signs (pages 24-27 links above) clearly show that those signs came from the direction of the Indus Valley.
The Indo-European Success story starts with the Hittites of Anatolia 2000BCE. They were the first great historical Indo-European nation rivaling both Egypt and Mesopotamia. The origins of the Hittite's in archaeology is under debate the closest match traces artafacts accross the Steppe to Khazakestan this area would enclude the Early Andronovo (2300BCE). I believe the Early Andronovo were the Gutian's that sacked Mesopotamia around 2300BCE, this destruction ran from Syria to the Danube river (Early Bronze Age 2 and 3). I believe the Andronovo were prior to the Indo-European's of the Indus, this would explain the Hittite's large substrate interference. The territory of the Indus Valley overlaps Andronovo territory in Afganistan, with a similairity in their metallurgy. Where as the Indo-European languages of Europe and again the Middle East I believe is the result of an unknown desaster that hits the Indus Valley civilization some time before 1800BCE, causing a total abandonment of the site. The central authority or people that orginized the Indus leave and the bead makers take over the palaces. Here I would like to say that when a site is not totally abandoned it will never be known the true time of the central authority's abandonment. After the abandonment in India you see large groups of nomadic tribes with ties to the Indus. It appears the river's source shifted or the agricultural damming of the Indus river caused a sediment build up over the ages where the water is now running underground and today the Indus Valley is a desert. Many early sites of the Indus Valley can't be accessed due to this ground water. The Indus Valley had the highest standard of living in the world, this standard leaves the entire region not to reappear until modern times. In Europe around the same time the Srubnaya culture pushes into Europe and out of the Andronova culture around 1800BCE. The Srubnaya totally assimalate the Yamanaya culture (a substrate culture) and yet they are almost identical to the Andronovo culture. This coinsides with the end of the known archaeological cultures of Europe (T.B.R, Globalar Amphil, Corded Ware, Yamanaya cultures). I believe the migration out of the Indus started as early as 2300BCE, they then first settling in Andronovo teritotory this was where they became an industrial war machine and a change in the language as Sanskrit and the possible origanal language combine. Around 2300BCE in the Indus there are signs of trouble with the destruction of their grain silos and a complete change in the type of grain diet. In the Indus Valley (Pakistan) today there is a language called Dravidian that the Indo-Europeans separate geographically this and the Vedic preoccupation with the horse suggests a possible origin other then the Indus before 2800BCE. For if the language evolved into Sanskrit in the Indus Valley and then spread out and changed other languages the question is before the evolution where did it come from, they appear to me to be early Andronovo. The Andronovo is a good candidate for the original homeland that would make the Hittites language close to half of the original and explain why the Hittite language stands by it's self. Page 25 is a map of both events; Hittites entering Anotolia coming from Andronovo terittory towards the end of 2300BCE and the Srubnaya entering Europe around 1800BCE.
After the Indo-European Hittites, came the Persians of Iran first recorded historical in 860BCE. The first recorded trouble between the Indo-European Iranian's and the Semitic Iraq's was 860BCE (for 2866 years the border was been the same). Next the Indo-European Greeks (330BCE) destroy their brother the Persian's. Then brother Roman destroy brother Greek. After came a list of influencal Indo-Europeans: Germans, Russians, French, Dutch, English and Spanish. The direction of these empires points east and the Indus Valley. The population of the eastly group of Indo-European nations (India, Pakistan, Iran,) is roughly 1,230,000,000, this large population reflects it's time in the region.
The Indus Valley civilization for its time was the most modern nation of earth, with sewers that ran thru out the cities. Garbage in the Indus was hauled to a dump as today where as in Egypt and Mesopotamia for another 2000 years or more the garbage was thrown just outside the house and an open sewer ran along the street. The two main cities of Harappan and Mohenjo-daro were built with preplanned carefully laid out north, south, east and west grid like patterns. Large scale planning of grain storages that are not seen again until Roman times. Kiln fired bricks that are to this day being used as building material. Bricks were repeatedly mentioned in the Veda, there production was a holy ritual. The Indus had the most modern shipping dock in the world that could raise and lower ships into the dock with the tied, one dock was 700 feet long made of brick. In metallurgy the findings were household vessels, weapons and state of the art tools for farming, with signs of plowed fields. They were the first to cultivate cotton. Sewers with baths in many houses and public baths, it appears every one was housed and cared for by the large number of small rooms for their workers this is not seen any where else they were the "first Civilized nation". They were familiar with various manufacturing techniques, hammering and the use of simple and complex molds. Trade was conducted with the Middle East, China and Southeast Asia. Trade with China led me to find the early connection with their written scripts. Among the sculptures found a bronze statuette of a dancing girl. The weapons were spears, arrowheads, knives, axes and pins. The population was larger than Mesopotamia and Egypt put together, this would fit with the impact on the Middle East and Europe. They were an organized people able to take and maintain acquired lands. It would make sense that the people who spread a language to so many nations came from a more advanced culture, with a long period of stability. They acquired organizational skills and technologies needed in warfare, farming and the perfection of a language so as different languages (substrate language) could absorb it. The most common trait of the Indo-Europeans is and was organization. The language in my opinion was "imposed" on the different substrate languages. Like the Hittites with clear signs of a destruction and clear signs of a different substrate language the Persian's absorb the well established Elamite people surely this did not happen peacefully (substrate language of Iran is the Elamite language that had to have effected the Persian language). The migration north to water and into Andronovo terittory appears nonviolent because little change happened execpt an increased population. This is the time you see horses and chariot's being buried with kings in Andronovo terittory. The type of chariot's were of the Shang dynasty type, it was the Indus Valley that traded with China.
The Asvamedha (Horse-drunk) was the greatest Vedic Sacrifice. The ritual is a pair of horses pulling a chariot, the horse on the right side of the team is than sacrificed. This Vedic ritual bears a striking resemblance to the Roman "October-equas" sacrifice (equas is Latin for horse). In the Roman ritual there was a chariot race in October then the horse on the right side was speared. The Asvamedha also had a time of the year associated with it; spring (medha). The Hittite's had a ritual where there was a horse on the right side and a mule on the left. The Asvamedha ends with the horse being butchered and offered as three sacrifices. In Medieval Ireland the kings of Ulster sacrificed a mare and ate it in a very unpleasant drunken manor. The Indic word for drunk "medhu" the Gaulish drunk "Meduos" and the Gaulish horse "Epo" the Gaulish personal name "epo-meduos" (Asvamedha). The association with the horse on the right side and the name for the chariot Ratha; the German "right" "recht" French "deroit" is simialiar to the association of the word route. The Gaulish drunk "meduos" Greek "methy" Old Church Slavonic "medus" Lithuanian "medus" English "mead" can then be associated with the Iranian "Medes" of the Zagaros. The Assyrian record the Medes around modern Isfahan in the Zagros mountians (Iran) around 836BCE. Berossos was a Mesopotamian historian made famous through the Greeks, in his king list he wrote that the Gutians were the Medes, 8 kings that lasted 244 years (2300BCE-2076BCE). His statement was what Berossos saw in his time, this is after Sindhu tribes moved north into Gutian terittory and the statement links the Indo-European Medes and the time the Hittite's enter Anatolia. In fact there is no doubt there was a Indic presence in Mesopotamia towards the end of the first dynasty of Babylon 1600BCE. The Mitanni kingdom had Hurrians (Horites in the Bible) with many Indic personal names like Indra, Vayu, Svar, Soma, Deva and Rta. They had Indic technical terms used in connection with horse breeding and chariot racing. These technical terms include the Indic numbers 1,3,5,7,9 other personal names are Biridaswa 'Possessing great horses', Sattawaza 'he who has won seven prizes' (at a horse race). A look at this area that I believe the Gutians came from: Afghanistan ( the location of the Andronovo culture today is Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tagikistan, Kazakstan then north into the Western Siberian plain of Russia they were huge ) reveals rivers names that are early Indic, they include Sanskrit names of rivers that are in Sindhu. The name of the Afghan river "Kabul" Indic "Kubha", Afghan "Swat" Indic "Suvastu", Afghan "Kurram" Indic "Krumu" Afghan "Gumal" Indic "Gomati" and the most famous river of the Vedic Age the "Sarasviti" Afghan "Harovaiti" (the S to H shift is the most reconized change from Indic to all Indo-Europeans languages of Asia and the Middle East). The conventional theory of today holds that the Indo-Iranian presence of India, Pakistan and Iran came from Eastern Europe around 1600BCE. How is it that in the Veda every river of the Indus is named, where it is today a desert in Pakistan. Why does the Veda state that there was a Vedic Age in Sindhu yet after 1800BCE there is no evidence of even a small population living on the dried rivers in the desert of Pakistan. The Saravati river in archeaology was the start of the abandonment. This was the middle of the mature phase of the Indus Saraviti civilization radiocarbon dated to 27000-2000BCE. What is ambiguious to me is the archeaologic name of the site was named after the Vedic name of that river. After the assimalation of the Elamites the Persian's recorded prior to Iran as having lived on the Harovaiti river in the north. How is it that in the science of archeaology their is a statement of an Indo-European invasion of India around 1500BCE, this statement is without any scientific proof it shuts the door on the possibility of the Indic pressence being the Indus culture . At Bactria NorthWest Afghanistan alabaster plates decorated with a humped bull in the Indus or Harappan style, at Bactrian graves Harappan steatite seals, etched Carnelian beads, a cosmetic flacon having an exact parallel at Chanhudaro, pins with spiral, metal mirrors that parallel ones found in the Indus.
The Hittite's were the first Indo-Europeans recorded in history, the second Indo-Europeans recorded were the Indic branch (Sanskrit). Within the recorded history of Mesopotamia and Egypt Sanskrit words and names start appearing around 1700BCE. These Sanskrit words were found in such numbers that they became a historical fact the two main groups associated were the non Indo-European Hurrian's and Mitanni. The Hurrian's learned new technologies and Indic names from these Indo-Europeans, thus reciving Sanskrit loan words. One of those Hurrian words was the chariot recorded as "ratta". The Hurrian word for chivalry was called "mariyanna" the parallel Indic word "Maryana" young warrior, this words endless use in battles of the Middle East has been taken up in depth by modern history. The chariot historically appears around 2300BCE, same time as the destruction layer of Early Bronze Age 2 and 3, this destruction ran from Syria to the Danube river ( possible original Indo-Eruopeans). This happened 300 years prior to the appearance of the orginized Hittite nation in 2000BCE. Just like the wheel the chariot puts a marker in time. The Veda mentioned earlyer as a religious text saved as the oldest part of the Hindhu texts (Hindhu the word originates from Sindhu the Indus Valley). Those Hurrian and Mitanni words found through archaeology in Mesopotamia and Egypt that were Sanskrit, have been established as Vedic Sanskrit (the oldest version of the evolution of their language). Thus those words showed the first established changes from Indic to the Indo-European languages of the Middle East and Asia. Words like Rta-dharma, where Rta means fixed or established the Veda states it was composed (established) in Sindhu (Indus Valley). The established right side horse appears prior to the Indus with the Hittite's but Rta-Dharma was established in Sindhu. Rta Dharma means established duty or the "right" duty as opposed to Karma that is not fixed. Most people are right handed thus the strongest horse or animal goes on the right side. The Indus Valley is abandoned before 1800BCE, "Vedic" words start appearing around 1700BCE that is 500 years prior to the Biblical Exodus of Egypt. The implacation is the chariot had a key role in the quick spread of this language. For if their appearance was not the result of borrowing among prehistoric languages and technical words push the origin ever closer a military superiority of a migrating people is the answer.